Fluid flow is the quantification of bulk fluid movement, which is important to many discovery, evaluative and monitoring studies, and can be measured in a variety of methods.

Spirometry is a non-invasive method of lung function testing, which measures the volumetric flow rate of air inhaled and exhaled. From this respiratory flow signal respiratory volume for a given time frame can be calculated using a simple integral.

Extracellular recordings are recordings of electrical potentials produced by a cell, either in extracellular fluid near the cell of interest, or non-invasively. These types of recordings can be divided into three main groups; single/multiple unit...

Intracellular recording is an electrophysiology technique that inserts a glass microelectrode into a single cell (usually a neuron) to precisely measure its electrical activity (voltages across or currents passing through the cellular membranes). It...

Temperature is a relative measurement of the amount of kinetic energy contained in the measured area of a sample. The addition of heat increases the kinetic energy or motion of those molecules, thereby increasing the measured temperature of the...

A recorded pulse signal can be derived from a number of transducers, intended to detect the pulsatile flow of blood into the central or peripheral arteries. Typically, this is used as an indicator of heart rate, or as a timing signal indicative of...

Volume is the amount of three-dimensional space that a substance (such as solid, liquid or gas) occupies, or the space enclosing the substance, or the capacity of the container for the substance.

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) offers a continuous measurement of blood cell perfusion in the microcirculatory beds of skin tissue and other tissues without influencing the blood perfusion. LDF is measured in a relative unit of BPU (Blood Perfusion...

Video is widely used in life sciences, such as to record movement or changes in colour, shape and size, because it offers greater depth and interactive insight, especially when it is synchronized with quantitative data recordings.

Measuring the way different parts of the body are moving relative to each other is extremely useful for movement, kinematics and gait studies. Measuring joint angle is one common way of assessing this movement.

NIBP, or non-invasive blood pressure, can be recorded from both animals and humans. The methods used to measure NIBP in human and animal subjects differ.

pH is a unit used to quantify the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is a logarithmic scale related to the molar concentration of hydrogen atoms. pH values can be between 0 and 14 where 0 is the strongest acid, 7 is neutral and 14 the most basic.

Dissolved gas measurements can be used in many gas exchange studies including measuring amount of dissolved nitrogen in blood, amount of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in seawater or other aqueous physiological solutions.

Vibration in air or another medium can be detected by sensory organs as sound. This can also be easily detected and interpreted by electronic instrumentation for utilization in life science research applications.

Heart Rate is typically a calculated measurement, derived from various direct measurements of heart activity, such as ECG, Blood Pressure, or non-invasive pulse measurements. Heart rate indicates the frequency, typically measured in beats per minute...

dP/dt is a signal derived from pressure, typically ventricular blood pressure, that indicates the change in pressure over time.

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) is the ratio between the volume of CO 2 being produced by the body and the amount of O 2 being consumed. This value of this ratio gives us an indication as to whether the body is operating aerobically or anaerobically...

Oxygen saturation is a relative measure of the quantity of dissolved or carried oxygen in the blood. It is usually measured as percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen in the bloodstream. Arterial oxygen saturation measured at the...

ECG / EKG Signal Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the study of the heart's electrical activity, most commonly recorded via placement of electrodes on the skin. Human and animal ECG signals can be recorded for easy processing of heart rate, heart...